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Modelling of the rate of fire spread in heterogeneous fuel beds based on experimental data

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Miguel Almeida
Domingos Xavier Viegas
Filipe Mendonça
Cinzia Fois
Abel Lopes

195 laboratory tests were performed to analyse the effect of either slope and wind in the fire spreading in mixed fuel beds composed by one live fuel and one dead fuel – live Pinus pinaster needles and straw were the fuels used, respectively. Several models were built by other researchers to predict the fire spread in mixture fuel beds. Many of these models were produced using data achieved for conditions of no wind nor slope. In these tests, the effect of the airflow/wind and the effect of slope in the fire spread in mixed fuel beds was analysed. It was found that the presence of wind or slope do not clearly affect the value of the critical mass fraction xc that correspond to the minimum percentage of the dead fuel required to sustain the fire propagation. The experimental results were modelled using exponential decay law applied to mixed fuel beds and the concept of degree of curing. These models show a good fit to the experimental results hereby presented so they can be extended to conditions of wind and slope. In the modelling of surface forest fire spread, the prediction of the rate of spread (ROS) of a fire front, or of part of it, is the main goal that is attempted in order to be able to estimate the advance of the fire front in the course of time. It is commonly accepted that the ROS at a given section of the fire perimeter depends on the fuel bed properties, local topography and atmospheric conditions, namely air flow intensity and direction (e.g. Linn et al., 2007; Cavard et al., 2015). Although this concept can be challenged in several situations when the dynamic behaviour of the fire changes its environment and modifies its ROS properties (Hilton et al., 2016). In this work, we shall assume, as it is commonly done, that fire spreads in a quasi-steady state and that average values of the ROS can be established and determined at least during short periods of time. This work is a follow up of previous works on ROS in heterogeneous fuel beds (Viegas et al., 2010 and 2013) performed by some of the authors of the present publication.


ISBN:

eISBN: 978-989-26-1650-6
DOI: 10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_9
Área: Ciências da Engenharia e Tecnologias
Páginas: 99-109
Data: 2018

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Adam Kochanski;Derek V. Mallia;Matthew G. Fearon;Tim Brown;Jan Mandel;Joseph K. Vaughan

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_108

Examination of the forest fires detection: the relationship between the fire and the detection

László Bodnár;Ágoston Restás

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_109

Factors contributing to high and low risk fires in the United States: an analysis of the relative risk assessment

Erin Noonan-Wright;Carl Seielstad

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_110

Fast computational models of dynamic fire propagation using near-field techniques

J. E. Hilton;J. J. Sharples;A. L. Sullivan;W. Swedosh

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_111

Feature selection for burned area classification in the Castelo de Paiva region

Carlos Viegas Damásio;Lourdes Bugalho;Pedro Medeiros;Susana Nascimento;Luís Duque Santos

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_112

Front’s dynamics of quasi-infinite grassland fires

Nicolas Frangieh;Gilbert Accary;Sofiane Méradji;Dominique Morvan

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_113

Generation of a global burned area product from satellite data: the ESA Fire_cci project

Emilio Chuvieco;M. Lucrecia Pettinari;Joshua Lizundia-Loiola;Ekhi Roteta;Marc Padilla Parellada;Duarte Oom;Philip Lewis;Thomas Storm;Johannes Kaiser;Florent Mouillot;Pierre Laurent;Ioanis Bistinas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_114

Integration of the emissions and smoke dispersion models in the European Forest Fire Information System

Stéfano Arellano-Pérez;Ana Daría Ruiz-González;Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González;Jose Antonio Vega-Hidalgo;Ramón Díaz-Varela;Cecilia Alonso-Rego

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_115

Mapping fire severity levels of burned areas in Galicia (NW Spain) by Landsat images and the dNBR index: preliminary results about the influence of topographical, meteorological and fuel factors on the highest severity level

Stéfano Arellano-Pérez;Ana Daría Ruiz-González;Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González;Jose Antonio Vega-Hidalgo;Ramón Díaz-Varela;Cecilia Alonso-Rego

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_116

Mean atmospheric flow pattern and forest fire risk on the Adriatic coast of Croatia

Izidor Pelajić;Marija Mokorić;Krunoslav Mikec;Tomislav Kozarić

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_117

Non-rigid feature extraction methods in real time forest fire detection algorithms

Azarm Nowzad;Andreas Jock;Ralf Reulke

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_118

On the use of compact thermal cameras for quantitative wildfire monitoring

Mario M. Valero;Dan Jimenez;Bret Butler;Christian Mata;Oriol Rios;Elsa Pastor;Eulàlia Planas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_119

Predictive distribution modeling of forest fire in pine zone of Uttarakhand Himalayas of India

Amit Kumar Verma;Namitha Nhandadiyil Kaliyathan;N S Bisht;Raman Nautiyal;S D Sharma

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_120

System for personnel training in decision making of wildfires fighting

Georgy Dorrer;Alexandra Dorrer;Igor Buslov;Sergey Yarovoy

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_121

The Spark Wildfire Prediction System

J. E. Hilton;A. L. Sullivan;W. Swedosh;M. G. Cruz;M. P. Plucinski;R. J. Hurley;C. Huston;M. Prakash

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_122

Tracking of uncertainty when aggregating from fine to coarse spatial resolution

J. Brennan;P. Lewis;J. Gómez-Dans;M. Chernetskiy;E. Chuvieco;J. Lizundia;M. Campagnolo;J. Pereira;D. Oom

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_123

Wildfires: web application concept and prototype

Sandra Nieves;Olga Mordvinova

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_124

Effects of law enforcement efforts on intentional wildfires

J. Prestemon;D. Butry;M. L. Chas-Amil;J. Touza4

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_125

Human perception of fire hazard in wildland urban interface areas: a Portuguese survey analysis of spot fires

Ricardo Oliveira;Sandra Oliveira;José Zêzere;Domingos Viegas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_126

Integrating paleoecology into landscape management

Kendrick J. Brown;Mitchell J. Power;Nicholas J.R. Hebda

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_127

Modeling the productivity of forest fire suppression operations using production functions: a methodological approach

Francisco Rodríguez y Silva;Michael Hand

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_128

Residents' experiences of the 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire, Alberta

Tara K McGee

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_129

Risk assessment and reflections on socio-economic perception of wildfires at the fireshed level

George Mitri;Joseph Bechara;Maya Nehme

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_130

The consideration of arson for forest fires caused by traditional uses of fire prohibited in Spain: a problem under discussion

José Mª Martínez-Navarro;Carmen Vázquez-Varela

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_131

A universal rate of spread index for Australian fuel types

Jason J. Sharples;Mona F. Z. Bahri;Steve Huntley

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_132

Assessment of wildfire exposure and vulnerability factors in Alvares, Góis: integration of structural and dynamic factors at the local scale

Sandra Oliveira;Ana Gonçalves;Akli Benali;Ana Sá;José Luís Zêzere;José Miguel Pereira

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_133

Causes of forest fires in Federal Conservation Units of Brazil from 2006 to 2012

Aline das Graças Costa;Fillipe Tamiozzo Pereira Torres;Gumercindo Souza Lima;Milton Ribas da Silva Júnior;José Cola Zanuncio

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_134

Climate-induced variations in global severe fire weather conditions

W. Matt Jolly;Patrick Freeborn

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_135

Cohesive forest fire management within an imperfect information environment: a review of risk handling and Decision Support Systems actually in use

Abílio P. Pacheco;João Claro;Paulo M. Fernandes;Richard de Neufville;Tiago M. Oliveira;José G. Borges;José Coelho Rodrigues

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_136

Extreme weather conditions: the role of an heat wave on wildfires in Portugal

Joana Parente;Mário G. Pereira;Malik Amraoui;E. M. Fischer

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_137

High Resolution Seasonal Forest Fire Danger mapping using WRF forecasts for Greece: a tool for forest fires prevention planning and fire risk management support

Vassiliki Varela;Diamando Vlachogiannis;Athanasios Sfetsos;Stelios Karozis;Nikolaos Gounaris;Angelos Sphyris

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_138

Simulating the effectiveness of prescribed burning at altering wildfire behaviour in Tasmania

J. M. Furlaud;G. J. Williamson;D. M. J. S. Bowman

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_139

The role of fire size, geometry, and intensity, in “extreme” plume development

Rachel L. Badlan;Jason J. Sharples;Jason Evans;Rick H. D. McRae

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_140

A rapid technique to quantify bark fuel hazard with smartphones

Luke Wallace;Karin Reinke;Samuel Hillman;Bryan Hally;Simon Jones

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_141

Aliens & Flames: a new research initiative joining fire behaviour and invasion ecology

Joaquim S. Silva;Ernesto Deus;Mauro Nereu;David A. Davim;Carlos G. Rossa

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_142

Bench-scale measurement of pyrolysis products from intact live fuels

Thomas H. Fletcher;Mohammad-Saeed Safdari;Elham Amini;David R. Weise

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_143

Fire in wet eucalypt forests: rethinking fuel-accumulation models for Tasmania’s most unique fuel type

J. M. Furlaud;D. M. J. S. Bowman

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_144

Fire, landscape pattern and biodiversity: using fire for conservation in a south-eastern Australian ecosystem

Alan York;Julian Di Stefano;Holly Sitters;Matthew Swan

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_145

FireCaster Decision Support System: on the need for a new fuel description approach

Y. Pérez-Ramirez;L Ferrat

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_146

Mid-term effects of thinning on canopy variables related to crown fire hazard on pure, even-aged pine stands

Stéfano Arellano Pérez;Fernando Castedo-Dorado;Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González;Jose Antonio Vega;Ana Daría Ruiz-González

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_147

Multidisciplinary fire science research at the Sycan Marsh, Oregon

Russ Parsons;Katie Sauerbrey;Nicole Vaillant;Lloyd Queen;Chris Moran;Matt Cunningham;Nancy Grulke;Craig Bienz;Bret Butler

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_148

A comparison of in-situ fire energy measurements to remote sensed thermography using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Daniel Jimenez;Bret Butler;Lloyd Queen;Valentijn Hoff;Joseph O’Brien;J. Kevin Heirs

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_149

Assessing fire severity using charcoal reflectance following a recent heathland wildfire on Carn Brea, Cornwall, UK

Stacey L. New;Victoria A. Hudspith;Claire M. Belcher

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_150

Carbon dioxide emission on recurrent burnt peat swamp forest in Raja Musa Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia

Ahmad Ainuddin Nuruddin;Nur Haifaa’ Izwa Asari;Hazandy Abdul Hamid;Mohd Kamil Ismail

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_151

Characterization of long term retardants

Vicens Mans;Sheila Espasa

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_152

Data mining techniques in the assessment of usability and effectiveness of forest fire video surveillance

Ljiljana Šerić;Danijela Mikuličić;Maja Braović

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_153

Drivers of wildland fire behaviour variation across the Earth

Paulo M. Fernandes;Ângelo Sil;Davide Ascoli;Miguel G. Cruz;Martin E. Alexander;Carlos G. Rossa;Jaime Baeza;Neil Burrows;G. Matt Davies;Alessandra Fidelis;James S. Gould;Navashni Govender;Musa Kilinc;Lachlan McCaw

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_154

Effect of moisture content and ventilation on the burning rate of porous fuel beds

Sara McAllister

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_155

Evaluating ecological tipping points across levels of wildfire suppression under various climate and fuel treatment scenarios on US northern Rocky Mountain landscapes using landscape simulation

Robert E. Keane;Kathy Gray;Brett Davis;Lisa Holsinger

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_156

Field-tested laboratory-derived models to predict forest fire front spread rate

Carlos G. Rossa;Paulo M. Fernandes

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_157

Flexible design of a helipad network for forest firefighting helicopters, applied to the case of Sardinia

Hugo Torres;Abílio Pereira Pacheco;João Claro;Michele Salis;Matthew P. Thompson;Crystal S. Stonesifer;Gavino Diana;Silvio Cocco

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_158

Influence of moisture and inorganic contents on smouldering spread rates in the lateral and in-depth directions

Eirik G Christensen;Nieves Fernandez-Anez;Guillermo Rein1

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_159

New Zealand prescribed fire experiments to test convective heat transfer in wildland fires

Mark A. Finney;Grant Pearce;Tara Strand;Marwan Katurji;Craig Clements

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_160

Numerical investigations of coupled fire-atmosphere feedbacks influencing fire behavior on slopes

Rodman Linn;Alexandra Jonko;Judith Winterkamp;Isabelle Runde;Carolyn Sieg;Russ Parsons;Francois Pimont

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_161

Numerical simulation of low-intensity fire spread in pine litter

Eric V. Mueller;Zakary Campbell-Lochrie;William Mell;Rory M. Hadden

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_162

Out of context: fire background temperature and methods for its calculation

Bryan Hally;Luke Wallace;Chermelle Engel;Chathura Wickramasinghe;Karin Reinke;Simon Jones

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_163

Simulations of surface fire propagating under a canopy: flame angle and intermittency

Duncan Sutherland;Jimmy Philip;Andrew Ooi;Khalid Moinuddin

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_164

Spontaneous ignition of vertically positioned wood samples under time-dependent heat flux

Alexander I. Filkov;Trent D. Penman

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_165

Toward safer firefighting strategies and tactics

S. Lahaye;J. Sharples;C. Hély;T. Curt

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_166

Towards more resilient and productive forest landscapes: tradeoffs in a recently burned area in Portugal

Akli Benali;Susana Barreiro;Ana Sá;João Rua;Yannick Le Page;João Pinho;Paulo Fernandes;Silvia Nunes;Miguel Mota Pinto;Ricardo Trigo;Carlos da Camara;José M. C. Cardoso Pereira

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_167

Vegetation fire management in strict nature reserves

Alexandra V. Volokitina;Tatiana M. Sofronova;Mikhail A. Korets

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_168

Wind and slope effects on flame scaling in laboratory fires

Mark A. Finney;Jason A. Forthofer;Torben P. Grustrup

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_169

Aerodynamic study of the airflow around a scale triangular prismatic hill for Low Reynolds Number

Eusébio Z. E. Conceição;Mª Manuela J. R. Lúcio;Domingos X. Viegas;Maria T. Viegas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_170

Burnt area and the wildland-urban interface: a first approach to the Galician wildfires occurred in October 2017

E. García-Martínez;M. L. Chas-Amil;J. Touza

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_171

Burnt severity and satellite data: a first approach in the ornemental vegetation in wildland urban interface

Marielle Jappiot;Adeline Bellet;Fabien Guerra;Christian Travaglini;Roland Estève

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_172

Critical conditions for the ignition of cedar needle fuel bed as a result of firebrands accumulation

D. P. Kasymov;M. V. Agafontsev;V. N. Fateev;V. V. Reyno;A. I. Filkov

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_173

Institutional engagement and public involvement at the WUI: a case study in the South of Spain: Córdoba municipality

Clara Quesada-Fernández;Daniel Quesada-Fernández

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_174

Mapping Canadian Interface Areas

Lynn Johnston;Mike Flannigan

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_175

Risk analysis of LPG tanks at the wildland-urban interface: are regulated safety distances large enough?

E. Pastor;D. Caballero;J. Martín;E. Planas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_176

Analysis of the temporal behaviour of the number of forest fires in some countries of Europe

J. L. Legido;M. M. Mato;S. García-Garabal;T. Carballas;M. I. Paz Andrade

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_177

Building the prototype for a new National Fire Danger Rating System for Australia

Stuart Matthews;Paul Fox-Hughes;Saskia Grootemaat;Simon Heemstra;Jennifer Hollis;Belinda Kenny;Samuel Sauvage;Corey Shackleton;Lew Short;Deb Sparkes

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_178

Fire and land use in recent years in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil

Manoel Cardoso

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_179

FireCCI50: a global burned area mapping algorithm based on MOD09GQ within Fire_cci project

Joshua Lizundia-Loiola;Gonzalo Otón;Rubén Ramo;Emilio Chuvieco

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_180

Global generation of long-term burned area with AVHRR-LTDR data

Gonzalo Otón;Rubén Ramo;Joshua Lizundia-Loiola;Emilio Chuvieco

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_181

High resolution weather forecasting applied to forest fire behaviour simulation

Jean-Baptiste Filippi;Yolanda Perez-Ramirez;Frédéric Allaire;Aurelien Costes;Mélanie Rochoux;Vivien Mallet;Christine Lac

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_182

Laboratory measurement of transient carbon emissions from controlled smouldering peat fire

Yuqi Hu;Eirik Christensen;Guillermo Rein

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_183

Management of an infrared imaging system for wildfire monitoring

Christian Mata;Mario M. Valero;Elsa Pastor;Eulàlia Planas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_184

Modeling fuels and treatment effects in 3D with STANDFIRE

Russ Parsons;Francois Pimont;Lucas Wells;Greg Cohn;W. Matt Jolly;Brett Davis;Francois de Coligny;William “Ruddy” Mell;Eric Rigolot;Jean-Luc Dupuy

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_185

Modeling the probability of impact from wildland fires: a near real-time approach

Adrián Cardil;Joaquin Ramirez;Santiago Monedero

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_186

Modelling the performance of forest and wildland fire aerial detection systems

David L. Martell;Colin McFayden;Robin Santiago;Douglas G. Woolford;B. Mike Wotton

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_187

Modelling the performance of forest and wildland fire aerial detection systems

David L. Martell;Colin McFayden;Robin Santiago;Douglas G. Woolford;B. Mike Wotton

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_187

Rate of spread in coupled models: fireline curvature and pyrogenic potential

C. M. Thomas;J. J. Sharples;J. E Hilton;J. P. Evans

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_188

RPI Engine: visualization in a web environment of post-fire regeneration using Landsat time series

Eduardo Moreno Gil;Alba Viana-Soto;Inmaculada Aguado;Susana Martínez;Julia Clemente

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_189

The determinants of crown fire runs during extreme wildfires in broadleaf forests in Australia

Alexander I. Filkov;Luke Collins;Anthony Rawlins;Thomas J. Duff;Brett Cirulis;Trent D. Penman

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_190

The relative contributions of climate drivers on extreme Australian fire weather

Sarah Harris;Chris Lucas

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_191

Understanding fire, weather and land cover interactions from long-term terrestrial observations and satellite data on a transect from Europe to North Africa

N. Koutsias;G.B. Pezzatti;A. Madoui;F. Mouillot

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_192

Does it pay to invest in better suppression resources?: policy analysis of alternative scenarios with simulation

Abílio P. Pacheco;David Pereira da Silva;João Claro;Tiago M. Oliveira

https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_193